Economics (from the Greek oikonomikë, literally — home economics)
1) set of relations of production, the economic basis of society;
2) national economy of a given country or a part thereof, including the appropriate industry and types of production;
3) discipline, studying industrial relations or their own hand in a certain sphere of societies. production and Exchange.
-Combination of industrial relations. Scientific definition of e. and its place in the development of society was first given to Marx: "A. .. industrial relations is economic structure of society, the real basis on which rises from a legal and political superstructure and to which correspond definite forms of social consciousness "(k. Marx and Engels f., op. 2, ed., vol. 13, pp. 6-7). E. Forms the basis of all other public relations and played a crucial role in the development of society (see of the basis and superstructure). With any method of production e. is a system of industrial relations. The main and define it is a property of the means of production, the nature and social way of connecting directly with producers of means of production. Collection of industrial relations of a mode of production is expressed in a system of economic laws and categories of political economy. Each mode of production has its own distinct character, e., objectives, forms of ownership and management methods (see Pervobytnoobŝinnyj, Slavery, Feudalism, capitalism, communism). E. directly interacts with politics, integral part of which is economic policy.E. as the country's national economy reflects not only the characteristics of the mode of production, but also the distinctive features of the individual country, due to its geographical location, participation in the international division of labour, historical tradition, reached the level of development of the productive forces, etc. specific historical circumstances. E. includes branches of material production, industry, agriculture, construction, transport, trade, etc. and non-production sector, education, health, culture, etc. (see national economy). Social production is the production of the means of production (I Branch) and the production of commodities (II) whose ratio is subject to numerous factors in defining the role of (I) units forming the basis of technological progress (see Below).
E. the USSR — a unified people's economic complex, covering all levels of societies. production, distribution and Exchange in the country. It is based on a large engine production in all sectors of the national economy and is developing according to plan for growth of people's welfare. The Soviet Union built a developed socialist society. At this stage of socialism is already in its own way, everything more fully reveals the creative forces of the new order. Deepening of the Division of labour, increased proportionality in the development of the industries and regions offered the necessary conditions for sustained growth efficiency of social production, for better use of natural and human resources.With the release of socialism on the world scene is e. World Socialist system, the main trends of development of the deepening of the integration process, socialist economic convergence between national socialism and the formation of households of deep and sustainable relationships in key industries, science and technology.
E. is a branch of science. Scope of human knowledge, which is studying the objective laws of economic system of society within the sequence of successive socio-economic formations; theoretical analysis of processes, phenomena in different spheres and sectors of the economy; elaboration of practical recommendations for the production and distribution of vital goods. E. is part of a group of social science (see Science). Formation of economics — the product of a long historical development. Direct upgrade to the creation of a system of economic knowledge occurred with the emergence of political economy as a science.
In the writings of classical bourgeois political economy was based on the scientific foundations of economic science, researched many important socio-economic processes in capitalist e. adoption of the capitalist mode of production, growing antagonism between capital and labour to Tatars, making the best of the bourgeoisie in the reactionary class contributed to the vulgar bourgeois political economy, which has come to review the internal laws of economic system of capitalism and systematization of the externally perceived description of business processes and phenomena.The establishment of a genuine scientific system of economic knowledge is made possible with the emergence of Marxist economic teachings, which incorporates the best achievements of the previous economic thought and creative pererabotavšego them in accordance with the principles of the materialist understanding of history. A huge contribution to the economic theory of k. Marx, f. Engels made and v. i. Lenin. In a subsequent Marxist-Leninist economic theory has been developed and refined in the theoretical work of the CPSU and the sister of Marxist-Leninist parties, works. and foreign scientists-economists, Marxists. Marxist classification system of Economics provides basic and applied research. The first is knowledge of the objective economic laws and how to use them effectively. Such science include political economy, history, history of economic thought, planning of national economy, the theory of economic management, statistics, accounting, business analysis. Applied sciences used the results of fundamental research to address private and specific practical problems. These economic science attempts to delineate functional (finance and credit, money, pricing, demography, labor economics, logistics), regional, stranovedčeskomu (economy of individual countries) and sectoral basis (economics of industry, agriculture, construction, transport, communications, etc.).In the system of economic sciences primary role played by political economy: it provides a theoretical and methodological basis of these sciences. The distinguishing feature of the current stage of development of Economics is the strengthening of the role of mathematics in economic research. Especially intensively modeling of economic processes (see Economic Cybernetics). In the socialist countries, the practical use of the findings and recommendations of the economic sciences are in the process of formulation and implementation of economic policies. Learn more about the development of economic science. relevant sections of the articles on the countries of the Union Republics, and in art. THE USSR. Science.
Lit: Marx, to the critique of political economy. Foreword by k. Marx, and Engels f., op. 2, ed., t. 13; Lenin v.i., three sources and three component parts of Marxism, is full. SB. op. 5, ed., t. 23; its the same. Karl Marx, ibid., vol. 26; its the same, economy and politics in the era of dictatorship of the proletariat, ibid., vol. 39; Materials of the XXV Congress of the CPSU, m., 1977; System of economic sciences, chap. Ed. K. Ostrovitânov, m., 1968; Eryomin a. m., about the system of economic sciences, m., 1968; Abalkin, l. i., political economy and economic policy, m., 1970; Haciaturov t. s., the Soviet economy at the present stage, m., 1975.
